ermenice türkik karşılaştırma

Armenian / Turkic Correspondences Provided for consideration. Most of these more or less regular correspondences seem to be Nostratic, though some of them may be just coincidental. (Published in 2008, minor corrections 03/2012).   Modern and Old Armenian Proto-Turkic (based on the material on the right) Chuvash "mainstream Turkic": Old Turkic, (Old) Uyghur, Kirghiz, Tatar, the Oghuz subgroup, etc West Yughur Salar Yakut (Sakha) (shown in bold due to its significance for the reconstrcution of proto-Turkic) Khakas Tuvan (1) The Anlaut correspondences -m- : -m- I (my) 'my' < /mi/ (methathesis) Also cf. OArm. /me-k'/ 'we', where /-k'/ is a plural suffix. *me *men e-bê, e-b OT ben, Uyghur män men me:(n) min min men not OArm (imperative) *-ma -ma OT -mV, Uyghur -ma -mï- -mï -mV -mV -mV p- : m- horn *moyüR mây-raga OT müngüz, OU müyüz, Uygur müngüz, Kirghiz müyüz, Tatar mügüz mongïs mo:ngïs muos mü:z mïyïû neck , *moyun mây OT boyun, Uyghur bûyin, Noghay moyïn, Tatar muyïn, Kirghiz moyun moen boynï moy moyïn moyun m- : P/B- [/P/ in Proto-Turkic was apparently pronounced halfway between /b/ and /p/] we MA. , OA. *BiR, *miR e-bir OT biz, Uyghur biz, Kirghiz miz, Kazakh biz, Tatar bez mïs piser bihigi pes bis ice 'freeze' *BuR, *muR pâr Uyghur muz, Kirghiz miz, Kazakh muz, Tatar boz pïz muz mu:s, bu:s pus   one OA , *Pire, mirê pêrre OT bir, Uyghur bir bïr bïr bi:r per bir(ee) cloud , , 'fog'; 'cloud' *Pïlït, *mïlït pêlêt OT bulut, Uyghur bulut, Kirghiz bulut bïlït bu(:)lït bïlït pulut bulut body OA *Pot, *mot üt-pü OT bod, Kirghiz boy poz boy-   pos bot big OA, MA *PeDïq, *meDiq pïzhâk OT beDük, Uyghur büyük, Kirghiz bijik bezïk     pözïk bedik storm /mêrri-k/ *Pura-n   Uyghur boran, Kirghiz boroon, Tatar buran     buura-a     finger *Parna "finger, thumb" pürne Uyghur barmaq, Uighur barmaq, Kirghiz barmaq, Tatar barmaq   parmax       b- : P/B- all ; OA 'many'; 'all' *Pütün "all, whole" *Parï"everything" pôdôm OT bütün, Uyghur hämmä, Kirghiz büt, ba:rï Tatar böten, barï     bütün; barïta pray bügü to give; to bear 'carry', cf. Eng. "to bear" *Per-"to give" pa OT ber-, Kirghiz ber-, Tatar bir-, Turkish ver- ber- be(r)-, ve(r)- bier pir- ber- garden < */barted/ *Baqcha pahcha Uyghur baghche, Kirghiz bakcha Tatar baqcha         Altay maala nose MA, OA 'mouth' *Burun — OT burun, Uyghur burun, Kirghiz murun, Kazakh murïn   purnï murun purun burun eagle 'falcon' *Pïrkït pêrkêt Uyghur bürküt, Kirghiz bürküt, Tatar bürkit         bürgüt owl *Sa-Bala-   Uyghur yapilaq, Uzbek boyo’g’li, Turkmen baygus Tatar yabalaq, Kirghiz zhapalaq       cha-baxulax bud (of plant) *Pür   OU bür, Tatar börchek; Kirghiz bür Kazakh bür, bürshik       pür, pürchük bürü; Altay bür, bürchük k- : q- woman, girl 'woman, wife' *qïr 'girl' xêr OT qïz, Uyghur qiz, qïz qïz kï:z xïs qïs short *kïska xêzêk, kêskê OT qïsqa, Uyghur qisqa GïsGa qïsGa kïlgas xïsxa kïska dry *qurGa OT quruG, Uyghur quruq, qurGaq, Kirghiz kurgak, Tatar korï quruq Guru, Gurï kura:naq xuruG qurgak birch < * *qaDïn xurân Uyghur qeyïn, Kirghyz qayïng, Noghay qayïn     xatïn xazïn xaDïn goose 'swan' *qaR xur, xor OU qaz, Uyghur Gaz, Tatar qaz     xa:s xas qas (wild goose) swan *quw   OT quGu, OU quGu, Kirghiz qu:, Kazakh quw     kuba (pale) xu: qu: (animal) hair 'fur' *qïl xêlêx OT qïl, Uyghur qil, Kirghiz kïl, Tatar kïl     kïl xïl xïl bark (of a tree) ; /ketev/ *qatïr, *qaba xobâ, xup, xuyâr OU qadïz, qaz; qavïq Uyghur qovzaq, Kirghiz kabïk, qïrtïsh Tatar kabïk, qayrï kazdïk Gox qatïr-ïk xaxpas, xastïrix qazïrïk "scales" ; xavïq; qïrtish beaver /kuLb/ *qunduR xântâr OU qunduz, Uyghur qunduz, Kirghiz qunduz, Tatar qundïz, Bashkir qondoD         qundus g- : k- come <ga–l> *kel- kil- OT kel-, Kirghiz kel- kel- gel-, gey- kel- kil- kel- night <gishe:r> *keche kas' OU keche, Uzbekh kecha, Kirghiz kech kiche gäzhi kiehe kizhe "yesterday" kezhe: 'evening' wolf <gayl> *qar > *qaL-qar (reduplicated) kashkâr Kirghiz qarïshkïr, Kazakh qasqïr, Tatar kachkïr, qarshqur         kokay feather /gêrchac-/ *kuwïr-Sung tôk OT yüg, Kirghiz zhün, Noghay kushin, Kazakh kawïrsïn, Turkish kushtüyü, Tatar yon yüg   kuorsun chüg chüg s- : S- [/S/ was an unknown highly palatalized alveolar affricate in Proto-Turkic] heart MA, OA <sirt> *Süre chêre OT yürek, Uyghur yüräk, Turkmen yürek, Kirghiz zhürök, Kazakh zhürek, Oyrat d'ürek yörek gö:yngï sürex chürak chürek leaf <saLart'>; *SalBïrda s'olz'â OT yapurGaq, OU yalpïrmaq, yalpïrGaq, Uyghur yopurmaq, Kirghiz zhalbïraq, Kazakh zhapïraq, Oyrat d'albïraq lahpzhïq < Mong. yärfïx, yarfax sebirdex pür bürü lie /sudel/ 'lie'; 'lay' *Sat-   OT yat-, Uyghur yat-, Kirghiz zh'at-, Kazakh zhat, Oyrat d'at yat- yaht- sït- chat- chï't- dz- : S- egg /dzêvêr/, /dzu/ *Sumurt-Ga s'ômarda OT yumurtGa, Turkmen yumutGa, Kirghiz zhumurtka, Oyrat d'ïmïrtqa, Tatar yumïrqa yomut yïmü(r)dda sïmï:t nïmïrxa chu:rga road <dze:l> 'way' *Sol s'ol OT yol, Uyghur yol, Kirghiz zhol, Oyrat d'ol yol yol suol chol oruk, chol "fate" sheatfish; (large) fish /dzêkan/, <dzowk> /dyuk, zook, dzuk/ 'fish (in general)' *Sayïn"sheatfish" s'uyân, s'oyân, s'oin Kirgizh zhayin, Tatar zhäyïn, Turkmen yayïn, Turkish yayïn (salmon)           ch- : S- fat < *charp *Saw > *SaG s'u, s'ôv OT yaG, Uyghur yaG, Kirghiz zhu-n "thick", Oyrat d'u: yaG yaG sïa chaG chaG "lard" eat 'dinner' *Si- s'i- ye-, Uyghur yä, Kirghiz zh'e, Oyrat d'a yi- yï- sie- che- chi- bat *Sara-qanat s'ara s'erz'i Kirghiz zharGanat, Tatar yarqanat, Noghay yarGanat, Oyrat d'arganat   yeresen sarï:qïnat charxanat cha:sxï J- : S- [Proto-Turkic */S/ or */y/ was highly palatalized, and apparently similar in pronunciation to / in Latin American Spanish] warm <Je:r-m> 'hot, warm'; <Jerr-oc'> 'oven' *Sïlï   OT yïlïg, Uzbek il-man, Turkmen yïlï, Kirghiz zhïluu, Oyrat d'ïlu ilïG yili sïla:s chïlïG chïlïg young *SaL   Uyghur yash, Kirghiz zh'ash, Oyrat d'ash yas yash (eder) chash chash trees, wood 'brushwood' *SiwaS yïvâsh OU ïGach, Uyghur yaGach, Kirghiz zhigach, Tatar agach, Oyrat aGash yiGash aGach   aGas ïyash d- : s- [Armenian /dz/ is pronounced as a slightly affricated /d/. Originally, the difference was probably allophonic] thou (you) 'you' (sg); 'you' (pl); /dyer/ 'your' (pl) *sen e-zê OT sen, Uyghur sän, Kirghiz sen, Oyrat sen sen se:(n) en sin sen yellow *sarï sorâ "white" OT sarïG, Uyghur seriq, Kirghiz sarï, Oyrat sarï sarïG sa(:)rï araGas, Dolgan arï sarïG sarïG s- : s- cold rnê

>*sewe sivê OT soGuq,
Uyghur soGäk,
Uzbek sovuq, Kirghiz su:k, Kazakh suwïk, Tatar sïwïk, Oyrat so:qsoqsox so:xso:k garlic *sarymsa Uyghur samsaq, Kirghiz, Kazakz sarymsaqsamsaqsamsax    onion*soGansuxanOU soGun, Uyghur soGan, Kirghiz soGan, Tatar suGan soGän  soGunaq nightin-gale*sanduGach MU sanduwach, Kazakh sanduGash    Altay sandïgash "little bird" hawk, *sar Uyghur sar, Tartar sarïcha, Kirghiz sar, sarï Bashkir har sar sar, sartsarsarï co- , ca- : *t- knee /tsunk/;
OA *tirchêr-pus's'iOT tiz, Uyghur tiz, Kirghiz tizedïztüzy, tizytühektezäkdiskek sea *tenGertinêsUyghur dengiz, Kirghiz deGiz, Tatar dingez    dalay < Mong. tree (lone) 'tree'*tere
"elm-tree" târâh (elm)Uyghur terek (elm)
Kirghiz tirek, terek (elm, tree), Noghay terek (tree)terek (tree)da:l tirek (elm)terek (elm); Altay terek (elm) frozen, cold /ts'urt/ 'cold'*tontuvom 'frost'Turkish don, Uyghur ton, Kirghiz ton, tot tot tïmnï: "cold", ton "freeze"to:r  earth *topratôpraOT topraq, Uyghur topa durvaqto:rïxbuortobïrax 
c- : ch- flower*checheks'es'keOU chechäk, Uyghur chechäk, Kyrghiz chechek, Tatar chächäk chichex  chechek ch-, ch'- : Ti- Originally, the difference between /ch/ and /ch'/ was probably allophonic, with the phonemic difference forming much later] claw*tïrnachêrneOT tïrngaq, Uyghur tirnaq, Kirghiz tïrmak Tatar tïrnakdarmaqzhïrna(:)xtïngïraqtïrGaxdïrgak smoke*tüdüntödömOT tütün, Kirghiz tütün, Tatar töten ïscücïnburuotüdünïsh fourMA
OA *tïwïrttâvatOT tört, Uyghur tört, Kirghiz törtdiortdiottüörttörtdört
le- : T-, t- [The difference between /T/ and /t/ in Proto-Turkic may have been allophonic] tongue
/lezu/*tïlge > *tïlchêlGe OT tïl, Uyghur til, Kirghiz tildïlciltïlteldïl mountain; *taw, taGtuOT taG, Uyghur taG, Kirghiz too, Tatar tawtaGdaGqayataGdag round*tegers'avraOT yumGaq, Uyghur yumlaq, Kirghiz tegerek doGïrgulïlüxtögerektoGïlaxtögerik full /lêc'êv-/*tolï-tolliOT tolu, Uyghur tolGan, Kirghiz tolturatolïdoli(:)tolorutoldïradolu l- : -0 lynx /lusan/*üs Turkish üshek  ü:süsüs moon /lusin/ *ayoyâx OT ay, Uyghur ayayayïyayay hear /lêse-l/*eLit-ilt-OT eshit-, Uyghur angla-, Khirghiz uk-, Noghai esit-, Tatar ishet-angna-ishti-ihit-ist-dïngna- h : x ear *xulgaxôlgaOT qulqaq, Uyghur qulaq, Kirghiz kulakkurgakGulaxkulga:qxulaxkulak
The loss of the word-initial /q/, /S/ before /a/, /o/ in Proto-Armenian (h)a : q- [Note that /q/ > /x/ in Khakas and Chuvash, indicating the possibility of loss. Hence, the loss in Proto-Armenian] worm*qort xortOT qurt, Uyghur qurut, Kirghiz kurt, Tatar qurtqurahGe üön;
kurzhaGa (bugs)xurtkurt, qurt who, OArm. , *qamkamOT kim, Kirghiz kimkïmkämkimkemkïm sun (daylight) 'sun'*quwelxôvelOT kün(es), Uyghur quyash, Kirghiz kün, Tatar koyashkungünkünxünkün sand*qäma-xâyârOT qum, Uyghur qum, Kirghiz kum Gumkumaqkumkum ant < **qämärsGas OU qumursGa, Kirghiz qumursqa, Tatar qïrmïsqa  kïmïrdaGasxumusxaqïmïsqayaq hawk, eagle 'eagle'*qartï-Gaxurchqa
"hawk"MU qartal, Kirghiz qartïGa, Gagauz qartal, Turkish qartalqaltar kï:rt, xarda:chïxartïgaxartïga, Alt qartachag
(h)a- : S- [Note that /h/ is in Armenian is often unstable, cf /und/: /hund/ (grain), both forms are present in modern Armenian] nut < **SanGa OT yaGaq, Uyghur zhangGak, Kirghiz zhangGak, Kazakh zhangGaq      snake*Sïlans'êlen, s'ölenOT yïlan, Uyghur ilan, Kirghiz zhïlan, Tatar yïlanyilanyilïnerien üonchïlanchïlan wind*Sïels'ilOT yel, Uyghur shamal, Kirghiz zhelyelyeltïalchilsalgïn earth (soil) 'soil';
, 'floor'*SersherOT yer, Uzbek yär, Kirghiz zheryeryersir chircher mild, soft*Sawal OU yobash, Uyghur yavash, Tatar yuwash, Kirghiz zho:sh   chabashcha:sh leopard, panther 'panther'*Solbars OU yolbars, Uyghur yolbars, Tatar yulbarïs, Kirghiz zholbars, Kazakh zholbarïs      (2) The Auslaut correspondences -r : -r (-rV) [The second syllable /r/ and /rr/ are very well-preserved] man
OArm
< */är/*ererOT er, Uyghur är
erener, ärke:xerirer heartr t>*SïrechäreOT yürek, Uyghur yüräk,yörekgö:yngïsüreqchürakchürek fourr s>*tïörttâvatOT tört, Uyghur tört, Kirghiz törtdiortdiottüörttörtdört wormr d> *qort > *qurdxortOT qurt, Uyghur qurut, Kirghiz kurt, Tatar qurtqurahGe üön;
kurzhaGa (bugs)xurtkurt, qurt farrk ar> 'long'*ura:q, *urunvârâm
"long" OT yïraq, Uzbek uzaq, Kirghiz ïraak, Tatar yïrak, Bashkir yïrakozaquzïxïra:qïrakuzak featherrch 'ac-air>*guwïrSungtôkOT yüg, Kirghiz zhün, Noghay kushin, Kazakh kawïrsïn, Tatar yonyüg kuorsunchügchüg
-rr- : -r- [The strong /rr/ must have been in allophonic distribution with the weak /r/ in Proto-Armenian.] lionrr yuc>,
OArm *arslanuslamOU arslan, Kirghiz arstan, Tatar arslan, Kazakh arïstan    arzïlan corerr anc'-k'>*ör, ör-ekvarOT öz, Uyghur öz Kirghiz özök, Tatar üzäk  özek  özek stormrr ik>*buran Uyghur boran, Kirghiz boroon, Tatar buran  bu:rGa   treerr >*teretârâh (elm)Uyghur terek (elm)
Kirghiz tirek, terek (elm, tree), Noghay terek (tree)terek (tree)  tirek (elm)terek (elm); Altay terek (elm) longrr ow> 'far' < */erru/ *urunvôrômuzunuzunuzïnuhunuzunuzun
-r : -S, -s [The law of spirantization in Proto-Turkic akin to "the law of rhotacism in Chuvash"] two:rk ow>*iSkïikkêOT iki, Uyghur ikki, Kirghiz ekishigyishkïikkiiki iyi threer e:k'> < *ere *üSvis'OT üch, Uyghur üchushuyüsüsüsh shortrch > *qïsqakêskêOT qïsqa, Uyghur qisqa
GïsGaqïsGakïlgasxïsxakïska burn (tr.), < */arrel/ *ört-
virtOT ört-, Kirghiz ört-  örtörta-örtet- sonOA. *ovel, *ortusôvêlOT oGul, uru, Kirghiz u:l; urum "descendants"oGul uol;
urtu:s "boy"o:lo:l
-L : -l [Armenain /L/ is normally pronounced as velar or uvular /G/, but is thought to be pronounced as palatalized /ll/ in the past] (animal)hairL-m > 'fur'*qïl (of animal) xêlêxOT qïl, Uyghur qil, Kirghiz kïl, Tatar kïl  qïlxïlxïl windL -m>*Sïels'ilOT yel, Uyghur shamal, Kirghiz zhelyelyeltïalchilsalgïn leaf<saLart'>*Salbürdas'olz'âOT yapurGaq, OU yalpïrmaq, yalpïrGaq, Uyghur yopurmaq, Kirghiz zhalbïraqlahpzhïqyärfïx, yarfaxsebirdeqpürbürü roe deerL nik> (deer) L-Je:ru>*eli OU älik, Kirghiz elik  elikilikelik
-n : -r [The law of an /n-/ > /r-/ transition in early Proto-Turkic] kneenk > /tsunk/;
OArm nr> /tsunr/;
Cf. PIE */geneu/*tïrgu-chêrgus's'iOT tiz, Uyghur tiz, Kirghiz tizedïztüzy, tizytobuktezäkdiskek woman
n > 'woman, wife'
Cf. PIE */gwena:/*qïr 'girl'; *kelin "bride"
xêr,

OT qïz, Uyghur qïz, Kyrghiz qïz; Uzbek xotïn Tatar xatïn, 'woman'
OU kelin, Turkmen gelin 'bride'qïz
kelinqïz,
kein, kiin
kï:sh
xïs,
kilônqïz,
kelin 'bride' wen- k'> < *'I' [ -k' is OArm. plural]
*Bir
< *men 'I'ebirOT biz, Uyghur biz, Kirghiz miz mïspiserbihigipesbis sparrow
/chênchêLuk/ *SerSes'ers'i  sicha, sezhe    forestn tarr>*arï-,
*ar-manvarmânOT aryG
Uyghur orman, Tatar urman 
arïarïgarïg seednd >,
'grain';
nd> 'grain, seed' *uru, *urun vôrô (seed);
vôrlôx (genus)OT uruG, Uyghur uruq, Khirghiz ürön, Noghai urlïk, Tatar orlïk urïGar (relatives, kin); urlux (grain)
ashlïx (seed)uru (relatives, kin);
sieme (seed)üränüre, uruG
-z- : -rk-, -lg- (?) [Only two cases found for this type of transition, so far.] tonguez ow> /lezu/
*tïlge > *tïlchêlGe OT tïl, Uyghur til, Kirghiz tildïlciltïlteldïl eaglez e> 'falcon'*BïrkïtpêrkêtUyghur bürküt, Kirghiz bürküt, Tatar bürkit    bürgüt
-t : -D- , -t [In some cases, /t/ seems to be almost normally reflected in both language groups] grass*otvutâ "wood" OU ot, Kirghiz ot, Tatar ut  ototo't foot
OArm. *oDaoraOT aDak, Uyghur ayakazaqaya:xataqazax

but; davan

drink 'eat'*iS-ês'ïch-, Uyghur ich-ïshtis-is-es-

ish-

birchch i> < **qaDïnxurânUyghur qeyïn, Kirghyz qayïng, Noghay qayïn, Turkish kayïn  xatïnxazïn

xadïn

-r : -D/-t [In other cases, /t/ > /r/ in Proto-Armenian] fire;
r > 'flame' < */or/*wot > *o:tvotOT ot, Turkmen o:totohtuotot

ot

fatherr > < * Cf. 'fathers' *ataatteUyghur ata, Kirghiz ataata  ada

ada

horser i-var>*atutUyghur at, Kirghiz at   at  bearrJ >
Cf. Latin ursa *aDï OU aDïG, Uyghur eyiq, Kirghiz ayu:, Tatar ayu, Noghay ayuw, Turkish ayï atix azïG

adïg

-n- : -t [Yet, in some other cases /n/ > /t/ in either of the language groups. These correspondences are not well-attested, nevertheless listed here as plausible] namen own> /anun/ *a:tyatOT at, Uyghur at a:ta:tat

at

cattlen a-sown> /anasun/*ut       lien -el> 'lay'*Sït-vïrt-OT yat-, Uyghur yat-, Kirghiz zhat- yaht-sït-chat-

chï't-

The first syllable metathesis in Proto-Armenian [A compensation process due to the freqent loss of word-initial /s/, /k/ before /a/ and /o/] root < * *tamïrtïmârKirghiz tamïr, Uzbek tomir, Tatar tamïrtamïr (vein) tamur (vein)tïmïr (vein) tamïr

damïr

lark < **turGaytôriUyghur torGay, Uzbek turGay, Kirghiz torgoy, Tatar turgay   pos-tarGay salt < * < *????*tawr tovarOT tuz, Uyghur tuz, Kirghiz tuzduzduztuustus

dus

fox < * *tilgïtilêOU tilkü,Uyghur tülke, Kirghiz tülkü, Tatar tölki


tülgü

dilgi

star < */asrter/ < */sarter/ Cf. dial. /ard/ where /s-/ was lost. Cf. Latin stella*Suldurs'ôldôrOT yultuz, yultuzyuldïsyïldussuluschïltïs

sïldïs

tooth < * (/nd/ is regular for /r/)*telshalOT tïsh, Uyghur chis, Kirghiz tishdishcishtiistes

dish

stone,
rock 'rock' < */taarr-azh/*talcholOT tash, Uyghur tash, Kirghiz tashdasdashtastas

dash

ear < */kaarJ/ (/-n/ is regular for /-r/)*qulgaxôlgaOT qulqaq, Uyghur qulaq, Kirghiz kulakkurgakGulaxkulga:qxulax

kulak

crow < *garrav
Cf. Latin corvus*qarGa < *qaraGa 'the black one'korak 'rook'OU qarGa Uyghur qarGa, Tatar qarGa, Turkish karga   xarGa

qarGan;
Altay qarGa

bone < *sokor*songos'ômôOT süngük Kirghiz söök, Tatar söjäksïmïkse:nixunguoqsö:k

söök

2008 (c)

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